Laboratory Report

Results

Glucose and Ketone Concentration in Blood Plasma
	Glucose (mmol/l)				Ketones (μmol/l)
	Sub. 1	Sub. 2	Sub. 3	Average	Sub. 1	Sub. 2	Sub. 3	Average
Fasting
Immediately post meal [0 hour]
1 hr post meal				Minimum 3 characters, two numbers, one digital full stop. The Average value is valid, thank you. Sorry. Your value is wrong. Please try again. The valid Average value is correct, thank you.				Minimum 2 characters, two numbers. The Average value is valid, thank you. Sorry. Your value is wrong. Please try again. The valid Average value is correct, thank you.
2 hr post meal
3 hr post meal

Glucose Concentration in Blood Plasma

Ketone Concentration in Blood Plasma

When was plasma glucose concentration highest? If values are similar for several time points (within a few points of each other), then give range of times when plasma glucose concentration was highest.
When was plasma glucose concentration lowest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma glucose concentration was lowest.
When was plasma ketone concentration highest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma ketone concentration was highest.
When was plasma ketone concentration lowest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma ketone concentration was lowest.

Insulin and Glucagon Concentration in Blood Plasma
	Insulin (pmol/l)				Glucagon (pmol/l)				Insulin/Glucagon Ratio
	Sub. 1	Sub. 2	Sub. 3	Average	Sub. 1	Sub. 2	Sub. 3	Average	Insulin/Glucagon Ratio
Fasting
Immediately post meal [0 hour]
1 hr post meal				Minimum 3 characters, two numbers, one digital full stop. The Average value is valid, thank you. Sorry. Your value is wrong. Please try again. The valid Average value is correct, thank you.				Minimum 2 characters, two numbers. The Average value is valid, thank you. Sorry. Your value is wrong. Please try again. The valid Average value is correct, thank you.	Minimum 3 characters, two numbers, one digital full stop. The Average value is valid, thank you. Sorry. Your value is wrong. Please try again. The valid Average value is correct, thank you.
2 hr post meal
3 hr post meal

Insulin and Glucagon Concentration in Blood Plasma

Insulin to Glucagon Concentration Ratio

When was plasma insulin concentration highest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma insulin concentration was highest.
When was plasma insulin concentration lowest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma insulin concentration was lowest.
When was plasma glucagon concentration highest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma glucagon concentration was highest.
When was plasma glucagon concentration lowest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma glucagon concentration was lowest.
When was plasma insulin/glucagon concentration highest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma insulin/glucagon concentration was highest.
When was plasma insulin/glucagon concentration lowest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma insulin/glucagon concentration was lowest.

Discussion

Explain how insulin changed plasma glucose concentration over the course of the experiment.
Explain how glucagon changed plasma glucose concentration over the course of the experiment.
Explain what caused the change in plasma ketone concentration over the course of the experiment.
Explain how negative feedback caused the changes in plasma insulin concentration observed during the experiment.
Explain how negative feedback caused the changes in plasma glucagon concentration observed during the experiment.
The insulin/glucagon ratio changed over the course of the experiment indicating changes in glucose storage and changes in ability to increase blood glucose concentration via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. State when glucose storage capability was highest and why.
State when glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis were highest and why.
Explain how a high blood ketone level helps the body conserve blood glucose.
Restate your predictions that were correct and give the data from your experiment that supports them. Restate your predictions that were not correct and correct them, giving the data from your experiment that supports the correction.

Application

During exercise, epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from the adrenal medulla. Epinephrine and norepinephrine have the same effect on plasma glucose levels as glucagon. Explain how epinephrine and norepinephrine affect plasma glucose and why this is important during exercise.
The symptoms of diabetes mellitus include high plasma glucose levels and ketoacidosis (blood pH decreases due to increasing levels of ketones). Explain how diabetes causes these symptoms.

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Blood Glucose Regulation

1. Plasma glucose levels will be highest undefined 2. Plasma ketone levels will be highest undefined 3. Plasma insulin levels will be highest undefined 4. Plasma glucagon levels will be highest undefined 1. Name the Dependent Variable. undefined 2. Name the Independent Variable. undefined 3. Name the Controlled Variables. undefined; undefined 4. Why were physical activity and caffeine and alcohol intake the controlled variables? undefined 5. What type of assay was used to measure plasma glucose and ketone levels? undefined 6. What type of assay was used to measure plasma insulin and glucagon levels? undefined Table 2: Glucose and Ketone Concentration in Blood Plasma

Glucose (mmol/l)

Ketones (µmol/l)

Sub. 1

Sub. 2

Sub. 3

average

Sub. 1

Sub. 2

Sub. 3

average

Glucose Concentration in Blood Plasma 0 1.4 2.8 4.2 5.6 7 Fasting Immediately post meal 1 hr post meal 2 hr post meal 3 hr post meal Ketone Concentration in Blood Plasma 0 22 44 66 88 110 Fasting Immediately post meal 1 hr post meal 2 hr post meal 3 hr post meal 1. When was plasma glucose concentration highest? If values are similar for several time points (within a few points of each other), then give range of times when plasma glucose concentration was highest. undefined 2. When was plasma glucose concentration lowest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma glucose concentration was lowest. undefined 3. When was plasma ketone concentration highest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma ketone concentration was highest. undefined 4. When was plasma ketone concentration lowest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma ketone concentration was lowest. undefined Table 3: Insulin and Glucagon Concentration in Blood Plasma

Insulin (pmol/l)

Glucagon (pmol/l)

Insulin / Glucagon Ratio

Sub. 1

Sub. 2

Sub. 3

average

Sub. 1

Sub. 2

Sub. 3

average

Insulin and Glucagon Concentration in Blood Plasma 0 36 72 108 144 180 Fasting Immediately post meal 1 hr post meal 2 hr post meal 3 hr post meal Insulin to Glucagon Concentration Ratio 0 1.2 2.4 3.6 4.8 6 Fasting Immediately post meal 1 hr post meal 2 hr post meal 3 hr post meal 1. When was plasma insulin concentration highest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma insulin concentration was highest. undefined 2. When was plasma insulin concentration lowest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma insulin concentration was lowest. undefined 3. When was plasma glucagon concentration highest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma glucagon concentration was highest. undefined 4. When was plasma glucagon concentration lowest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma glucagon concentration was lowest. undefined 5. When was plasma insulin/glucagon concentration highest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma insulin/glucagon concentration was highest. undefined 6. When was plasma insulin/glucagon concentration lowest? If values are similar for several time points, then give range of times when plasma insulin/glucagon concentration was lowest. undefined 1. Explain how insulin changed plasma glucose concentration over the course of the experiment. undefined 2. Explain how glucagon changed plasma glucose concentration over the course of the experiment. undefined 3. Explain what caused the change in plasma ketone concentration over the course of the experiment. undefined 4. Explain how negative feedback caused the changes in plasma insulin concentration observed during the experiment. undefined 5. Explain how negative feedback caused the changes in plasma glucagon concentration observed during the experiment. undefined 6. The insulin/glucagon ratio changed over the course of the experiment indicating changes in glucose storage and changes in ability to increase blood glucose concentration via glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. State when glucose storage capability was highest and why. undefined 7. State when glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis were highest and why. undefined 8. Explain how a high blood ketone level helps the body conserve blood glucose. undefined 9. Restate your predictions that were correct and give the data from your experiment that supports them. Restate your predictions that were not correct and correct them, giving the data from your experiment that supports the correction. undefined 1. During exercise, epinephrine and norepinephrine are released from the adrenal medulla. Epinephrine and norepinephrine have the same effect on plasma glucose levels as glucagon. Explain how epinephrine and norepinephrine affect plasma glucose and why this is important during exercise. undefined 2. The symptoms of diabetes mellitus include high plasma glucose levels and ketoacidosis (blood pH decreases due to increasing levels of ketones). Explain how diabetes causes these symptoms. undefined